时态地图：一览十三个时态
核心总结：一页纸涵盖所有十三个时态——肯定、否定和疑问形式，以及用于选择正确时态的信号词。考试前的复习指南。
时态地图
4×3 网格
英语时态不是十三个随机规则的堆砌——它们是一个网格：三次（过去、现在、将来）与四次（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）交叉。你学过的每一个时态都是该网格中的一个单元格。
网格：3 次 × 4 种体貌
过去 · 现在 · 将来I worked · I work · I will work
一般时——快照
事实、习惯、已完成的要点She works every day
进行时——实时直播
正在进行中，仍在运行She is working right now
完成时——连接
已完成，但与当下时刻相关联She has worked here for years
完成进行时——马拉松
持续时间，且仍在进行中She has been working since 8 am
⚠️ 每个时态是一个单元格：一个时间（过去/现在/将来）× 一种体貌（一般/进行/完成/完成进行）。
时态地图
十三个时态，一张表格
横向阅读：每个时态展示其肯定、否定和疑问形式。纵向阅读：助动词承担主要工作——do, am, have, had, will。实义动词从不单独完成工作。
| 时态 | 肯定式 | 否定式 | 疑问式 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | I work | I don't work | Do I work? |
| Present Continuous | I am working | I'm not working | Am I working? |
| Present Perfect | I have worked | I haven't worked | Have I worked? |
| Present Perfect Continuous | I have been working | I haven't been working | Have I been working? |
| Past Simple | I worked | I didn't work | Did I work? |
| Past Continuous | I was working | I wasn't working | Was I working? |
| Past Perfect | I had worked | I hadn't worked | Had I worked? |
| Past Perfect Continuous | I had been working | I hadn't been working | Had I been working? |
| Future Simple (will) | I will work | I won't work | Will I work? |
| Future (going to) | I am going to work | I'm not going to work | Am I going to work? |
| Future Continuous | I will be working | I won't be working | Will I be working? |
| Future Perfect | I will have worked | I won't have worked | Will I have worked? |
| Future Perfect Continuous | I will have been working | I won't have been working | Will I have been working? |
常见错误
五种读图失误
当两个时态互换职责时，地图就会失效：用现在完成时搭配已完成的过去时间，用一般过去时搭配更早的过去，用进行时搭配状态动词，或用错误的将来时搭配该任务。
I have seen him yesterday.
I saw him yesterday.
💡 一个已完成的过去时间（如昨天）使用一般过去时。
When I arrived, she already left.
When I arrived, she had already left.
💡 更早的过去时使用过去完成时。
I am knowing him for years.
I have known him for years.
💡 Know 是状态动词——它从不用于进行时。
Look out! I will fall.
Look out! I am going to fall.
💡 可见证据采用 will。
By 2030, I will work here for ten years.
By 2030, I will have been working here for ten years.
💡 持续到未来某一点的时长采用将来完成进行时。
快速测验
测试你刚刚学到的内容
三分钟，五道题——检查记住了什么。没有问答题，我们保证。
I ___ this book for two weeks.
💡 附加信息3 个部分
体阶梯
四个台阶，一个动词
取一个动词并攀登阶梯：从快照，经过直播流，到连接和马拉松。同一个动词，四种不同的视角。
I work from 9 to 5
I am working on a report
I have worked here for five years
I have been working since 8 am
⚠️ 简单时态说明什么。进行时态说明现在。完成时态说明连接。完成进行时态说明多久。
信号词
将信号词与其时态匹配
信号词是时态的交通标志：every day 指向一般现在时，since 2020 指向完成时家族。记住这些标志，车道就会自动选择。
⚠️ 交通标志不是规则——但它们很少撒谎。
哪个时态？
三个问题选出时态
评论员的流程图：先问时间，再问关联，最后问持续时间。时态会自行显现。