必须与不得不:谁制定规则?
must 是内心的声音,have to 是外部的世界。而否定形式也不是孪生兄弟:mustn't 表示禁止,don't have to 表示没必要。
必须与不得不
两条规则,两种语气
must 和 have to 都表示义务——但它们用不同的语气表达。must 是主观的:你的感受,你的规则。have to 是客观的:世界要求你这样做。而否定形式则指向相反的方向。
必须——你自己的规则
说话者的感受You must try this cake
不得不——外部的规则
世界要求它I have to wear a uniform at work
mustn't——禁止
永远不要做某事You mustn't smoke in here
don't have to——可选的
没必要,由你选择You don't have to come
⚠️ mustn't 等于禁止。don't have to 等于没必要。职责相反,切勿混淆。
公式
一个情态动词,一个普通动词
must 的行为像 can:后面跟原形动词,永不变化。have to 的行为像普通动词:它加-s(has to),用 don't 构成否定,用 do 构成疑问句。
Imust gonow
Shehas to workon Saturdays
Youdon't have to payfor the tickets
Youmustn't smokein here
Do youhave to leavenow?
常见错误
义务周围的四个陷阱
这些陷阱源于混淆了两个系统:赋予 must 以 have to 的特征,或将 mustn't 理解为没必要。这两种错误都会改变含义。
She must goes now.
She must go now.
💡 must 之后,动词是原形——不加-s,不加to。
He have to work on Saturdays.
He has to work on Saturdays.
💡 have to 的行为像普通动词:他不得不(he has to)。
You don't must smoke here.
You mustn't smoke here.
💡 must 的否定形式是 mustn't,而不是 don't must。
We must to leave early.
We must leave early.
💡 must 后接动词原形:不加 to。
快速测验
测试你刚才所学的内容
三分钟,五道题——检查哪些记住了。我们保证没有问答题。
You ___ wear a seatbelt. It is the law.
💡 附加信息2 个部分
规则从何而来?
在你内心,还是在你外部?
一个问题决定用 must 还是 have to:谁在制定规则?
四种面貌
将单词与其含义匹配
义务有四种面貌:个人的、外部的、禁止的、可选的。将它们匹配起来。
⚠️ 两个否定词意义相反:mustn't 关上大门,don't have to 则留门敞开。