A2 · 基础

必须与不得不:谁制定规则?

must 是内心的声音,have to 是外部的世界。而否定形式也不是孪生兄弟:mustn't 表示禁止,don't have to 表示没必要。

01

必须与不得不

两条规则,两种语气

must 和 have to 都表示义务——但它们用不同的语气表达。must 是主观的:你的感受,你的规则。have to 是客观的:世界要求你这样做。而否定形式则指向相反的方向。

🧠

必须——你自己的规则

说话者的感受

You must try this cake

🌍

不得不——外部的规则

世界要求它

I have to wear a uniform at work

🚫

mustn't——禁止

永远不要做某事

You mustn't smoke in here

🌤️

don't have to——可选的

没必要,由你选择

You don't have to come

⚠️ mustn't 等于禁止。don't have to 等于没必要。职责相反,切勿混淆。

02

公式

一个情态动词,一个普通动词

must 的行为像 can:后面跟原形动词,永不变化。have to 的行为像普通动词:它加-s(has to),用 don't 构成否定,用 do 构成疑问句。

⚙️三种形式使用相同的结构
肯定——must
Imustgo

Imust gonow

肯定——have to
Shehas toworkon Saturdays

Shehas to workon Saturdays

否定
Youdon't have topay

Youdon't have to payfor the tickets

否定——禁止
Youmustn'tsmokehere

Youmustn't smokein here

疑问
Doyouhave toleave?

Do youhave to leavenow?

03

常见错误

义务周围的四个陷阱

这些陷阱源于混淆了两个系统:赋予 must 以 have to 的特征,或将 mustn't 理解为没必要。这两种错误都会改变含义。

She must goes now.

She must go now.

💡 must 之后,动词是原形——不加-s,不加to。

He have to work on Saturdays.

He has to work on Saturdays.

💡 have to 的行为像普通动词:他不得不(he has to)。

You don't must smoke here.

You mustn't smoke here.

💡 must 的否定形式是 mustn't,而不是 don't must。

We must to leave early.

We must leave early.

💡 must 后接动词原形:不加 to。

04

快速测验

测试你刚才所学的内容

三分钟,五道题——检查哪些记住了。我们保证没有问答题。

题目 1 / 50 / 5

You ___ wear a seatbelt. It is the law.

💡 附加信息2 个部分
05

规则从何而来?

在你内心,还是在你外部?

一个问题决定用 must 还是 have to:谁在制定规则?

这条规则源于你自己的感受吗?
是——mustI must call my mum more often
否——来自外部——have toI have to be at work at 9
06

四种面貌

将单词与其含义匹配

义务有四种面貌:个人的、外部的、禁止的、可选的。将它们匹配起来。

must
your own strong feeling内心规则
have to
an outside rule世界要求它
mustn't
forbidden不要做它
don't have to
not necessary你的选择

⚠️ 两个否定词意义相反:mustn't 关上大门,don't have to 则留门敞开。

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