让我们坦诚一点——关系从句听起来往往比实际更可怕。你可能已经用了好几年,却根本没意识到它们的存在。混淆通常出现在你需要在 who、which 和 that 之间做选择,或者有人告诉你一句话“去掉代词会更好”时。
这篇指南涵盖了基本规则、灰色地带,以及——最重要的是——何时可以完全省略关系词。
三大主角:who、which、that
简单规则:
- Who 指人。
- Which 指事物和动物。
- That 同时适用于人和事物(有些风格指南更倾向于用 who 来指人)。
它们在真实句子中的表现如下:
The woman who lives next door just started a bakery.
I lost the phone which I bought last month.
That’s the house that my grandfather built.
大多数情况下,这就足够了。但有些棘手的地方会让学习者绊倒。
“That” 比 “which” 更合适的情况
在日常英语里,that 在一个特定场景下远比 which 常见:当信息对识别名词至关重要时。比较:
The car that is parked outside is mine.
The car, which is parked outside, is mine.
第一个句子告诉你我们说的是哪辆车;第二个则添加了额外信息——听者已经知道你指的是什么车。
因此,如果需要通过从句来识别名词,使用 that(或人用 who)。如果只是补充说明,用逗号包住 which。
“whom” 怎么办?
在口语中它正逐渐消失。正式写作里仍会看到。
当关系代词是动词或介词的宾语时使用 whom:
The man whom I met yesterday is a lawyer.
The teacher to whom you spoke is retiring.
在随意对话中,大多数母语者会说 who 或 that,并把介词放到句末:
The man who I met yesterday is a lawyer.
The teacher that you spoke to is retiring。
我的建议:了解 whom 用于阅读和正式考试,但在日常交流中不用担心它。
关键技巧:何时可以去掉关系代词
这往往是学习者犹豫的地方。规则很直接:
当关系代词是从句的宾语时,可以省略它(who、which、that)。
看下面两个例子:
The book that I borrowed is excellent.
The book that is on the table is excellent.
在第一个句子里,the book 是 borrowed 的宾语。你可以去掉 that:
The book I borrowed is excellent.
而在第二个例子中,the book 是 is 的主语,不能省略 that:
The book is on the table is excellent.(错误)
快速测试:如果名词(或代词)紧跟在 who/which/that 之后,你很可能可以省略它;如果后面是动词,就保留。
何时保留 vs. 省略关系代词
保留代词
如果它是主语
The woman who called…
省略代词
如果它是宾语
The woman (~whom~) I met…
一些例子帮你巩固
判断代词是否可以省略:
-
The pizza that we ordered arrived cold. → We ordered the pizza. 宾语。省略。 → The pizza we ordered arrived cold.
-
The neighbour who always plays loud music moved out. → The neighbour plays music. 主语。保留。
-
The film which everyone was talking about finally came out. → Everyone was talking about the film. 宾语。省略。 → The film everyone was talking about finally came out.
另一个小贴士:介词放在句末
自然口语里,我们几乎总是把介词放在关系从句的末尾,尤其是在省略代词时:
This is the restaurant (that) I told you about.
He’s the guy (whom) she went to the cinema with.
在非常正式的写作中,你可能会把介词移到前面:the restaurant about which I told you。但日常交流里,保持末尾更简单、更自然。
练习让记忆固化
关系从句不仅是语法练习——它们帮助我们顺畅地连接想法。当你阅读或聆听时开始留意它们。注意哪些看起来自然,哪些显得生硬。
如果你想检查自己的英语水平——尤其是对这些语法结构的掌握——不妨试试 English Measure 的完整测试。它涵盖阅读、听力、写作和口语,而且完全免费。
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